平原雷达风廓线仪研究系统

1.引言研制本系统是为了观测伊利诺斯州香潘-厄巴纳附近平原对流层和平流层下部中尺度动力学过程.该系统主要由平原雷达(Flatland radar)和一部甚高频风廓线多普勒雷达组成.它是专门用来支持各种中尺度天气过程(如锋系、次天气尺度气流调整、内波的产生和传播、降雨,以及地面天气)研究的系统.本文简要介绍平原雷达和观测系统的其它部分,并给出几个中尺度过程的观测实例.     

Retrospective analysis: bile hydrocarbons and histopathology of demersal rockfish in Prince William Sound,Alaska, after the Exxon Valdez oil spill

Demersal rockfish are the only fish species that have been found dead in significant numbers after major oil spills, but the link between oil exposure and effect has not been well established. After the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska, several species of rockfish (Sebastes spp.) from oiled and reference sites were analyzed for hydrocarbon metabolites in bile (1989-1991) and for microscopic lesions (1990 and 1991). Biliary hydrocarbons consistent with exposure to Exxon Valdez oil were elevated in 1989, but not in 1990 or 1991. Significant microscopic findings included pigmented macrophage aggregates and hepatic megalocytosis, fibrosis, and lipid accumulation. Site differences in microscopic findings were significant with respect to previous oil exposure in 1991 (P=0.038), but not in 1990. However, differences in microscopic findings were highly significant with respect to age and species in both years (P<0.001). We conclude that demersal rockfish were exposed to Exxon Valdez oil in 1989, but differences in microscopic changes in 1990 and 1991 were related more to age and species differences than to previous oil exposure.     

英国天气雷达网

一、前言气象局在1978年开始的短期天气预报试验计划,它需要发展雷达和卫星图象处理技术。本文描述的资料处理系统,能够对来自几部雷达的资料进行实时综合处理,并与卫星资料合并在一起,以得到中尺度降雨分布图。资料结果通过小型计算机提供给气象学家和预报员。试验计划的主要目的在于使用这些资料提高对中尺度天气系统的认识,寻求制     

欧洲天气雷达网的协作计划

前言“COST-72”是欧洲在科学技术研究领域第72号合作计划的缩写。由于该计划对财政上的和科学技术资源的要求,使欧洲的任何一个国家想单独来承担是不可能的。所以欧洲的一些国家联合起来,在欧洲共同体的赞助下共同来从事这项计划。该计划由许多分计划所组成,并通过每个分计划的完成来实现关于气象仪器标准化问题的总目的。下面就该计划的一个分计划——欧洲天气雷达网的协作计划作一介绍。     

Hydraulics of recirculating well pairs for ground water remediation

Recirculating well pairs are a proven means of implementing bioremediation and may also be useful for applying other in situ ground water remediation technologies. A bromide tracer test was performed to characterize the hydraulic performance of a recirculating well pair installed at Moffett Field, California. In particular, we estimate two important properties of the recirculating well pair: (1) the fraction of captured water that is recycled between the wells, and (2) the travel-time distribution of ground water in the induced zone of recirculation. We also develop theoretical estimates of these two properties and demonstrate they depend upon a dimensionless pumping rate, denoted xi. The bromide breakthrough curve predicted from theory agrees well with that determined experimentally at Moffett Field. The minimum travel time between the wells is denoted t(min). In theory, t(min) depends inversely on Q, the pumping rate in the recirculating wells, and is proportional to a2, the square of the distance between the wells. Both the experimental and theoretical travel-time distributions indicate that at least half the recirculating water travels between the wells along fast flowpaths (travel time < 2*t(min)). Therefore, when designing recirculating well pairs, engineers should ensure that t(min) will be sufficiently high to allow biologically mediated reactions (or other in situ remediation processes) sufficient time to proceed.     

BASIN-RANGE SYSTEM EVOLUTION OF QINLING-DABIE OROGENIC BELT AND ITS IMPACT ON REGIONAL ENVIRONMENT

As the structural body related to temporal-spatial evolution and tectonic dynamic system, the orogenic belt and basin are not only dependent on each other in space but also closely related with each other in terms of infrastructure, matter transference and dynamic mechanisms. By using apatite fission-track method, the authors firstly analyze the uplift and denudation ratios of the Qinling-Dabie orogenic belt, and by using tectonically detbrmed combination analysis and tectonic-thermal simulation the main geological occurrences are also illustrated. It is found that there must have had multi-phase differential uplift and denudation phenomena in the Qinling-Dabie orogenic belt during the Mesozoic-Cenozoic. Then, the regional evolution pattern of qualitative and quantitative denudation process is obtained during the post-orogenic period. On the basis of summarizing evolution process of the basin-range system in the Qinling-Dabie orogenic belt during the Mesozoic-Cenozoic and its effects on regional environ     

Climatological observations and predicted sublimation rates at Lake Hoare, Antarctica

In December 1985, an automated meteorological station was established at Lake Hoare in the dry valley region of Antarctica. Here, we report on the first year-round observations available for any site in Taylor Valley. This dataset augments the year-round data obtained at Lake Vanda (Wright Valley) by winter-over crews during the late 1960s and early 1970s. The mean annual solar flux at Lake Hoare was 92 W m-2 during 1986, the mean air temperature -17.3 degrees C, and the mean 3-m wind speed 3.3 m s-1. The local climate is controlled by the wind regime during the 4-month sunless winter and by seasonal and diurnal variations in the incident solar flux during the remainder of the year. Temperature increases of 20 degrees-30 degrees C are frequently observed during the winter due to strong f?hn winds descending from the Polar Plateau. A model incorporating nonsteady molecular diffusion into Kolmogorov-scale eddies in the interfacial layer and similarity-theory flux-profiles in the surface sublayer, is used to determine the rate of ice sublimation from the acquired meteorological data. Despite the frequent occurrence of strong winter f?hns, the bulk of the annual ablation occurs during the summer due to elevated temperatures and persistent moderate winds. The annual ablation from Lake Hoare is estimated to have been 35.0 +/- 6.3 cm for 1986.     

深海沉积物中气体水合物的聚积

气体水合物的聚积很大程度上取决于孔隙水中气体溶解度的空间变化。在海底气体水合物稳定带内,在向海底表面方向上,随着温度的下降,水中甲烷的溶解度明显降低。气体水合物可以从向上渗出的甲烷饱和水中沉淀,也可以从与上升流和生物化学甲烷刘生产速率区域有关的扩散晕内的散播气体和分凝孔隙水中聚积。水合物更易在孔隙水相对淡的及孔隙较大的沉淀物中形成。温不合物稳定带是碳氢化合物气体从沉积物迁移进入海水的地球化学障。无     

Assessment of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in plasma of bottlenose dolphins from two southeast US estuarine areas: relationship with age, sex and geographic locations

Plasma PFCs were measured in 157 bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) sampled from two US southeast Atlantic sites (Charleston (CHS), SC and Indian River Lagoon (IRL), FL) during 2003-2005. ∑PFCs, perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (∑PFCAs), perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (∑PFSAs) and individual compounds were significantly higher in CHS dolphins for all age/sex categories compared to IRL dolphins. Highest ∑PFCs concentrations occurred in CHS juvenile dolphins (2340 ng/g w.w.); significantly higher than found in adults (1570 ng/g w.w. males; 1330 ng/g w.w. females). ∑PFCAs were much greater in CHS dolphins (≈ 21%) compared to IRL dolphins (≈ 7%); ∑PFSAs were 79% in CHS dolphins versus 93% in IRL dolphins. PFOS, the dominant compound, averaged 72% and 84%, respectively, in CHS and IRL dolphins. Decreasing PFC levels occurred with age on the bioaccumulation of PFCs in both sites. These observations suggest PFC accumulation in these two dolphin populations are influenced by site-specific exposures with significantly higher levels in CHS dolphins.